Отчет

TEMA4/report.md

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+# Отчет по теме 4
+
+Похил Анастасия, А-02-23
+
+### 1. Настройка текущего каталога.
+```py
+import os
+os.chdir('C://Users//Настя//Desktop//python-labs//TEMA3//')
+```
+### 2. Стандартные функции.
+
+#### 2.1. Функция округления числа с заданной точностью
+
+```py
+help(round)
+Help on built-in function round in module builtins:
+
+round(number, ndigits=None)
+    Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
+
+    The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None.  Otherwise
+    the return value has the same type as the number.  ndigits may be negative.
+
+round(123.456,1)
+123.5
+round(123.456,0)
+123.0
+type(round(123.456,0))
+<class 'float'>
+type(round(123.456,1))
+<class 'float'>
+round(123.456)
+123
+type(round(123.456))
+<class 'int'>
+
+```
+
+#### 2.2. Функция range 
+
+```py
+gg=range(76,123,9)
+gg
+range(76, 123, 9)
+type(gg)
+<class 'range'>
+list(gg)
+[76, 85, 94, 103, 112, 121]
+range(23)
+range(0, 23)
+#range(23) создает последовательность целых чисел от 0 до 22 с шагом 1
+list(range(23))
+[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]
+```
+
+#### 2.3. Функция zip 
+
+```py
+qq = ["Похил", "Сарайкина", "Снегура", "Шинкаренко"]
+ff=zip(gg,qq)
+ff
+<zip object at 0x00000293529A1180>
+tuple(ff)
+((76, 'Похил'), (85, 'Сарайкина'), (94, 'Снегура'), (103, 'Шинкаренко'))
+ff[0]
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<pyshell#20>", line 1, in <module>
+    ff[0]
+TypeError: 'zip' object is not subscriptable
+```
+
+#### 2.4. Функция eval
+```py
+fff = float(input('коэффициент усиления=')); dan = eval('5*fff-156')
+коэффициент усиления=4
+dan
+-136.0
+type(dan)
+<class 'float'>
+```
+
+#### 2.5. Функция exec
+```py
+exec(input('введите инструкции:'))
+введите инструкции:perem=-123.456;gg=round(abs(perem)+98,3)
+gg
+221.456
+```
+
+-eval() - для вычислений с возвратом результата, exec() - для выполнения кода без возврата значения.
+
+#### 2.6. Применение функций abs, pow, max, min, sum, divmod, len, map
+```py
+abs(-50)
+50
+abs(123)
+123
+pow(2,3)
+8
+pow(5,2)
+25
+max(1, 5, 3)
+5
+max([10, 2, 8, 4])
+10
+max("a", "A") #сравнение строк в Python происходит по ASCII кодам символов
+'a'
+max("a", "b")
+'b'
+min([10, 2, 8, 4])
+2
+sum((10, 20, 30))
+divmod(10, 3)
+(3, 1)
+divmod(3.5, 2)
+(1.0, 1.5)
+len({"a": 1, "b": 2})
+2
+len([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+list(map(abs, [-1, -2, 3]))
+[1, 2, 3]
+numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+list(map(str, numbers))
+['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']
+```
+
+### 3. Функции из стандартного модуля math. 
+
+```py
+import math
+dir(math)
+['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'cbrt', 'ceil', 'comb', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'dist', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'exp2', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fma', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'isqrt', 'lcm', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'nextafter', 'perm', 'pi', 'pow', 'prod', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'sumprod', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc', 'ulp']
+help(math.factorial)
+Help on built-in function factorial in module math:
+
+factorial(n, /)
+    Find n!.
+
+math.factorial(5)
+120
+math.sin(0)
+0.0
+math.acos(0)
+1.5707963267948966
+math.degrees(math.pi)
+180.0
+math.radians(180)
+3.141592653589793
+math.exp(1)
+2.718281828459045
+math.log(100)
+4.605170185988092
+math.log10(10)
+1.0
+math.sqrt(9)
+3.0
+math.ceil(3.7)
+4
+math.floor(3.2)
+3
+math.sin(2 * math.pi / 7 + math.exp(0.23))
+0.8334902641414562
+```
+
+### 4. Функции из модуля cmath.
+
+```py
+cmath.sqrt(1.2-0.5j)
+(1.118033988749895-0.22360679774997896j)
+cmath.phase(1-0.5j)
+-0.4636476090008061
+cmath.sqrt(-4)
+2j
+```
+
+### 5. Стандартный модуль random.
+
+```py
+import random
+dir(random)
+['BPF', 'LOG4', 'NV_MAGICCONST', 'RECIP_BPF', 'Random', 'SG_MAGICCONST', 'SystemRandom', 'TWOPI', '_ONE', '_Sequence', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_accumulate', '_acos', '_bisect', '_ceil', '_cos', '_e', '_exp', '_fabs', '_floor', '_index', '_inst', '_isfinite', '_lgamma', '_log', '_log2', '_os', '_parse_args', '_pi', '_random', '_repeat', '_sha512', '_sin', '_sqrt', '_test', '_test_generator', '_urandom', 'betavariate', 'binomialvariate', 'choice', 'choices', 'expovariate', 'gammavariate', 'gauss', 'getrandbits', 'getstate', 'lognormvariate', 'main', 'normalvariate', 'paretovariate', 'randbytes', 'randint', 'random', 'randrange', 'sample', 'seed', 'setstate', 'shuffle', 'triangular', 'uniform', 'vonmisesvariate', 'weibullvariate']
+help(random.seed)
+Help on method seed in module random:
+
+seed(a=None, version=2) method of random.Random instance
+    Initialize internal state from a seed.
+
+    The only supported seed types are None, int, float,
+    str, bytes, and bytearray.
+
+    None or no argument seeds from current time or from an operating
+    system specific randomness source if available.
+
+    If *a* is an int, all bits are used.
+
+    For version 2 (the default), all of the bits are used if *a* is a str,
+    bytes, or bytearray.  For version 1 (provided for reproducing random
+    sequences from older versions of Python), the algorithm for str and
+    bytes generates a narrower range of seeds.
+
+random.seed() #нет возвращаемых значений
+random.random()
+0.6159477691885248
+random.uniform(1, 10)
+7.581530495835095
+random.randint(1, 100)
+5
+random.gauss(0, 1)
+-0.3506558234077829
+random.choice(numbers)
+1
+list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+random.shuffle(list1)
+list1
+[3, 5, 2, 4, 1]
+random.sample(numbers, 3)
+[3, 5, 2]
+random.betavariate(2, 5)
+0.1832859047033012
+random.gammavariate(2, 1)
+1.4911292379429324
+list2 = [
+    random.uniform(0, 1),           # Равномерное распределение
+    random.gauss(0, 1),             # Нормальное распределение  
+    random.betavariate(2, 5),       # Бета-распределение
+    random.gammavariate(2, 1)       # Гамма-распределение
+]
+list2
+[0.31800769775397375, -0.4796694435186039, 0.078752268353954, 2.8310089922616504]
+
+```
+
+### 6. Функции из модуля time.
+
+```py
+import time
+dir(time)
+['_STRUCT_TM_ITEMS', '__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'altzone', 'asctime', 'ctime', 'daylight', 'get_clock_info', 'gmtime', 'localtime', 'mktime', 'monotonic', 'monotonic_ns', 'perf_counter', 'perf_counter_ns', 'process_time', 'process_time_ns', 'sleep', 'strftime', 'strptime', 'struct_time', 'thread_time', 'thread_time_ns', 'time', 'time_ns', 'timezone', 'tzname']
+c1=time.time()
+c1
+1759322889.1532655
+c2=time.time()-c1
+c2
+17.157387256622314
+dat=time.gmtime()
+dat
+time.struct_time(tm_year=2025, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=12, tm_min=48, tm_sec=51, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=274, tm_isdst=0)
+dat.tm_mon
+10
+dat.tm_year
+2025
+time.localtime()
+time.struct_time(tm_year=2025, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=15, tm_min=52, tm_sec=4, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=274, tm_isdst=0)
+time.asctime(time.localtime())
+'Wed Oct  1 15:54:51 2025'
+time.ctime(c1)
+'Wed Oct  1 15:48:09 2025'
+time.sleep(2)
+time.mktime((2025, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+1735678800.0
+time.localtime(c1)
+time.struct_time(tm_year=2025, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=15, tm_min=48, tm_sec=9, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=274, tm_isdst=0)
+```
+
+### 7. Графические функции.
+
+```py
+import pylab
+x = list(range(-3,55,4))
+t = list(range(15))
+pylab.plot(t,x)
+[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x0000020109A13890>]
+pylab.title('Первый график')
+Text(0.5, 1.0, 'Первый график')
+pylab.xlabel('время')
+Text(0.5, 0, 'время')
+pylab.ylabel('сигнал')
+Text(0, 0.5, 'сигнал')
+pylab.show()
+
+```
+![Graf1](Ris1.PNG)
+
+```py
+X1=[12,6,8,10,7]
+X2=[5,7,9,11,13]
+pylab.plot(X1)
+[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x000002010AED0550>]
+pylab.plot(X2)
+[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x000002010AED0690>]
+pylab.show()
+```
+![Graf2](Ris2.PNG)
+```py
+region=['Центр','Урал','Сибирь','Юг']
+naselen=[65,12,23,17]
+pylab.pie(naselen,labels=region)
+([<matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x0000020109A1A270>, <matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x000002010D44E210>, <matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x000002010D44E5D0>, <matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x000002010D44E850>], [Text(-0.191013134139045, 1.0832885038559115, 'Центр'), Text(-0.861328292412156, -0.6841882582231001, 'Урал'), Text(0.04429273995539947, -1.0991078896938387, 'Сибирь'), Text(0.9873750693480946, -0.48486129194837324, 'Юг')])
+pylab.show()
+```
+![Graf3](Ris3.PNG)
+### 8. Cтатистический модуль statistics.
+
+```py
+import statistics
+statistics.mean(numbers)
+3
+statistics.median(numbers)
+3
+numbers
+[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+statistics.stdev(numbers)
+1.5811388300841898
+```
+
+### 9. Закончен сеанс работы с IDLE.