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282 строки
9.8 KiB
Markdown
282 строки
9.8 KiB
Markdown
# Отчет по теме 4
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Мамакин Ярослав, А-02-23
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## 1 Начало работы
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Запустил среду IDLE, установил рабочую папку.
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## 2 Стандартные функции из модуля builtins.
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## 2.1 Функция округления
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```py
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>>>help(round)
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Help on built-in function round in module builtins:
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round(number, ndigits=None)
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Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
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The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None. Otherwise
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the return value has the same type as the number. ndigits may be negative.
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>>>round(123.456,1)
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123.5
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>>>round(123.456,0)
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123.0
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>>>round(123.456)
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123
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```
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В первых двух случаях тип float, во втором - int.
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## 2.2 Функция создания последовательности
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```py
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>>>gg=range(76, 123, 9)
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>>>type(gg)
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<class 'range'>
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>>>list(gg)
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[76, 85, 94, 103, 112, 121]
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>>>range(23) # последовательность целых чисел от 0 до 22 включительно с шагом 1
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range(0, 23)
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```
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## 2.3 Функция zip
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```py
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>>>qq = ['Мамакин','Савин','Симанков','Киреев']
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>>>ff=zip(gg,qq)
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>>>tuple(ff)
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((76, 'Мамакин'), (85, 'Савин'), (94, 'Симанков'), (103, 'Киреев'))
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>>>ff[1]
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "<pyshell#15>", line 1, in <module>
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ff[1]
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TypeError: 'zip' object is not subscriptable
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```
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К объекту zip с указанием индекса обращаться нельзя.
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## 2.4 Функция eval
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```py
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>>>fff=float(input('коэффициент усиления='))
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коэффициент усиления=54
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>>>dan=eval('5*fff-156')
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>>>dan
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114.0
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```
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## 2.5 Функция exec
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```py
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>>>exec(input('введите инструкции:'))
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введите инструкции:perem=-123.456;gg=round(abs(perem)+98,3)
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>>>gg
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221.456
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```
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## 2.6 Другие встроенные функции
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```py
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list(map(len, qq))
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[7, 5, 8, 6] # Длины фамилий из списка qq
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divmod(64,5)
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(12, 4) # Кортеж с частным и остатком при делении 64 на 5
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```
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## 3 Модуль math
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```py
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>>>import math
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>>>dir(math)
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['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'cbrt', 'ceil', 'comb', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'dist', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'exp2', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fma', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'isqrt', 'lcm', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'nextafter', 'perm', 'pi', 'pow', 'prod', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'sumprod', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc', 'ulp']
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>>>help(math.factorial)
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Help on built-in function factorial in module math:
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factorial(n, /)
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Find n!.
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>>>math.factorial(5)
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120
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>>>math.degrees(math.acos(math.sin(math.pi)))
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90.0
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>>>math.sin(2*math.pi / 7 + math.exp(0.23))
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0.8334902641414562
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```
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## 4 Модуль cmath
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```py
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import cmath
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dir(cmath)
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['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atanh', 'cos', 'cosh', 'e', 'exp', 'inf', 'infj', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'log', 'log10', 'nan', 'nanj', 'phase', 'pi', 'polar', 'rect', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau']
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cmath.sqrt(1.2-0.5j)
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(1.118033988749895-0.22360679774997896j)
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cmath.phase(1-0.5j)
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-0.4636476090008061
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```
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## 5 Модуль random
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```py
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>>>import random
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>>>dir(random)
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['BPF', 'LOG4', 'NV_MAGICCONST', 'RECIP_BPF', 'Random', 'SG_MAGICCONST', 'SystemRandom', 'TWOPI', '_ONE', '_Sequence', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_accumulate', '_acos', '_bisect', '_ceil', '_cos', '_e', '_exp', '_fabs', '_floor', '_index', '_inst', '_isfinite', '_lgamma', '_log', '_log2', '_os', '_parse_args', '_pi', '_random', '_repeat', '_sha512', '_sin', '_sqrt', '_test', '_test_generator', '_urandom', 'betavariate', 'binomialvariate', 'choice', 'choices', 'expovariate', 'gammavariate', 'gauss', 'getrandbits', 'getstate', 'lognormvariate', 'main', 'normalvariate', 'paretovariate', 'randbytes', 'randint', 'random', 'randrange', 'sample', 'seed', 'setstate', 'shuffle', 'triangular', 'uniform', 'vonmisesvariate', 'weibullvariate']
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>>>help(random.seed())
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Help on NoneType object:
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class NoneType(object)
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| The type of the None singleton.
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| Methods defined here:
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| __bool__(self, /)
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| True if self else False
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| __eq__(self, value, /)
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| Return self==value.
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| __ge__(self, value, /)
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| Return self>=value.
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| __gt__(self, value, /)
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| Return self>value.
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| __hash__(self, /)
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| Return hash(self).
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| __le__(self, value, /)
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| Return self<=value.
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| __lt__(self, value, /)
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| Return self<value.
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| __ne__(self, value, /)
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| Return self!=value.
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| __repr__(self, /)
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| Return repr(self).
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| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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| Static methods defined here:
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| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
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| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
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>>>random.seed()
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>>>random.random()
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0.6216104315561441
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>>>random.uniform(0,1)
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0.15558476742451
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>>>random.randint(0,100)
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65
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>>>random.gauss()
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-1.2490453714301064
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>>>random.choice([1,2,3,4,5])
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5
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>>>sp = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
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>>>random.shuffle(sp)
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>>>sp
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[8, 2, 5, 9, 6, 7, 1, 3, 4]
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>>>random.sample(sp, 3)
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[6, 1, 7]
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>>>random.betavariate(0.5, 0.5)
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0.21196520335129634
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>>>random.gammavariate(0.5, 0.5)
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0.18678325471924362
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>>>sp1 = [random.random(), random.gauss(), random.betavariate(0.5,0.5), random.gammavariate(0.5, 0.5)]
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>>>sp1
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[0.09352103273802048, 0.41529631729753796, 0.5372987697985309, 0.08540638796369146]
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```
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## 6 Модуль time
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```py
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>>>import time
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>>>dir(time)
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['_STRUCT_TM_ITEMS', '__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'altzone', 'asctime', 'ctime', 'daylight', 'get_clock_info', 'gmtime', 'localtime', 'mktime', 'monotonic', 'monotonic_ns', 'perf_counter', 'perf_counter_ns', 'process_time', 'process_time_ns', 'sleep', 'strftime', 'strptime', 'struct_time', 'thread_time', 'thread_time_ns', 'time', 'time_ns', 'timezone', 'tzname']
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>>>c1=time.time()
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>>>c2=time.time()-c1
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>>>c2
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13.89244294166565
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>>>dat = time.gmtime()
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>>>dat.tm_mon
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9
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>>>dat1 = time.localtime()
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>>>dat1.tm_mday
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28
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>>>time.asctime(dat)
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'Sat Sep 27 21:23:38 2025'
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>>>time.ctime(564783)
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'Wed Jan 7 15:53:03 1970'
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>>>time.mktime(dat1)
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1759008378.0
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>>>time.localtime(c1)
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time.struct_time(tm_year=2025, tm_mon=9, tm_mday=28, tm_hour=0, tm_min=22, tm_sec=49, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=271, tm_isdst=0)
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```
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## 7 Модуль pylab
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```py
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import pylab
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x=list(range(-3,55,4))
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t=list(range(15))
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pylab.plot(t,x)
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[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x0000020CE16E6850>]
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pylab.title('Первый график')
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Text(0.5, 1.0, 'Первый график')
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pylab.xlabel('время')
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Text(0.5, 0, 'время')
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pylab.ylabel('сигнал')
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Text(0, 0.5, 'сигнал')
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pylab.show()
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```
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```py
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X1=[12,6,8,10,7]
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X2=[5,7,9,11,13]
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pylab.plot(X1)
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[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x0000020CE37DB110>]
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pylab.plot(X2)
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[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x0000020CE37DB250>]
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pylab.show()
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```
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```py
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region=['Центр','Урал','Сибирь','Юг']
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naselen=[65,12,23,17]
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pylab.pie(naselen,labels=region)
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([<matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x0000020CE16C9940>, <matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x0000020CE1EBCB90>, <matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x0000020CE1EBCF50>, <matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x0000020CE1EBD1D0>], [Text(-0.191013134139045, 1.0832885038559115, 'Центр'), Text(-0.861328292412156, -0.6841882582231001, 'Урал'), Text(0.04429273995539947, -1.0991078896938387, 'Сибирь'), Text(0.9873750693480946, -0.48486129194837324, 'Юг')])
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pylab.show()
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```
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```py
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pylab.hist(X1, 4)
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(array([2., 1., 1., 1.]), array([ 6. , 7.5, 9. , 10.5, 12. ]), <BarContainer object of 4 artists>)
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pylab.show()
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```
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```py
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pylab.bar(X1, X2)
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<BarContainer object of 5 artists>
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pylab.show()
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```
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## 8 Модуль statistics
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```py
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import statistics as st
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dir(st)
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['Counter', 'Decimal', 'Fraction', 'LinearRegression', 'NormalDist', 'StatisticsError', '_SQRT2', '__all__', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_coerce', '_convert', '_decimal_sqrt_of_frac', '_exact_ratio', '_fail_neg', '_float_sqrt_of_frac', '_integer_sqrt_of_frac_rto', '_isfinite', '_kernel_invcdfs', '_mean_stdev', '_newton_raphson', '_normal_dist_inv_cdf', '_quartic_invcdf', '_quartic_invcdf_estimate', '_random', '_rank', '_sqrt_bit_width', '_sqrtprod', '_ss', '_sum', '_triweight_invcdf', '_triweight_invcdf_estimate', 'acos', 'asin', 'atan', 'bisect_left', 'bisect_right', 'correlation', 'cos', 'cosh', 'count', 'covariance', 'defaultdict', 'erf', 'exp', 'fabs', 'fmean', 'fsum', 'geometric_mean', 'groupby', 'harmonic_mean', 'hypot', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'itemgetter', 'kde', 'kde_random', 'linear_regression', 'log', 'math', 'mean', 'median', 'median_grouped', 'median_high', 'median_low', 'mode', 'multimode', 'namedtuple', 'numbers', 'pi', 'pstdev', 'pvariance', 'quantiles', 'random', 'reduce', 'repeat', 'sin', 'sqrt', 'stdev', 'sumprod', 'sys', 'tan', 'tau', 'variance']
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st.mean(X1) # вычисление среднего
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8.6
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st.median(X2) # вычисление медианы
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9
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st.linear_regression(X1, X2) # построение простой линейной регрессионной модели
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LinearRegression(slope=-0.5172413793103449, intercept=13.448275862068964)
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```
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