TEMA4/report.md

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-# Отчет по теме 4
-
-Похил Анастасия, А-02-23
-
-### 1. Настройка текущего каталога.
-```py
-import os
-os.chdir('C://Users//Настя//Desktop//python-labs//TEMA3//')
-```
-### 2. Стандартные функции.
-
-#### 2.1. Функция округления числа с заданной точностью
-
-```py
-help(round)
-Help on built-in function round in module builtins:
-
-round(number, ndigits=None)
-    Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
-
-    The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None.  Otherwise
-    the return value has the same type as the number.  ndigits may be negative.
-
-round(123.456,1)
-123.5
-round(123.456,0)
-123.0
-type(round(123.456,0))
-<class 'float'>
-type(round(123.456,1))
-<class 'float'>
-round(123.456)
-123
-type(round(123.456))
-<class 'int'>
-
-```
-
-#### 2.2. Функция range 
-
-```py
-gg=range(76,123,9)
-gg
-range(76, 123, 9)
-type(gg)
-<class 'range'>
-list(gg)
-[76, 85, 94, 103, 112, 121]
-range(23)
-range(0, 23)
-#range(23) создает последовательность целых чисел от 0 до 22 с шагом 1
-list(range(23))
-[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]
-```
-
-#### 2.3. Функция zip 
-
-```py
-qq = ["Похил", "Сарайкина", "Снегура", "Шинкаренко"]
-ff=zip(gg,qq)
-ff
-<zip object at 0x00000293529A1180>
-tuple(ff)
-((76, 'Похил'), (85, 'Сарайкина'), (94, 'Снегура'), (103, 'Шинкаренко'))
-ff[0]
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File "<pyshell#20>", line 1, in <module>
-    ff[0]
-TypeError: 'zip' object is not subscriptable
-```
-
-#### 2.4. Функция eval
-```py
-fff = float(input('коэффициент усиления=')); dan = eval('5*fff-156')
-коэффициент усиления=4
-dan
--136.0
-type(dan)
-<class 'float'>
-```
-
-#### 2.5. Функция exec
-```py
-exec(input('введите инструкции:'))
-введите инструкции:perem=-123.456;gg=round(abs(perem)+98,3)
-gg
-221.456
-```
-
--eval() - для вычислений с возвратом результата, exec() - для выполнения кода без возврата значения.
-
-#### 2.6. Применение функций abs, pow, max, min, sum, divmod, len, map
-```py
-abs(-50)
-50
-abs(123)
-123
-pow(2,3)
-8
-pow(5,2)
-25
-max(1, 5, 3)
-5
-max([10, 2, 8, 4])
-10
-max("a", "A") #сравнение строк в Python происходит по ASCII кодам символов
-'a'
-max("a", "b")
-'b'
-min([10, 2, 8, 4])
-2
-sum((10, 20, 30))
-divmod(10, 3)
-(3, 1)
-divmod(3.5, 2)
-(1.0, 1.5)
-len({"a": 1, "b": 2})
-2
-len([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
-list(map(abs, [-1, -2, 3]))
-[1, 2, 3]
-numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-list(map(str, numbers))
-['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']
-```
-
-### 3. Функции из стандартного модуля math. 
-
-```py
-import math
-dir(math)
-['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'cbrt', 'ceil', 'comb', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'dist', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'exp2', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fma', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'isqrt', 'lcm', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'nextafter', 'perm', 'pi', 'pow', 'prod', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'sumprod', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc', 'ulp']
-help(math.factorial)
-Help on built-in function factorial in module math:
-
-factorial(n, /)
-    Find n!.
-
-math.factorial(5)
-120
-math.sin(0)
-0.0
-math.acos(0)
-1.5707963267948966
-math.degrees(math.pi)
-180.0
-math.radians(180)
-3.141592653589793
-math.exp(1)
-2.718281828459045
-math.log(100)
-4.605170185988092
-math.log10(10)
-1.0
-math.sqrt(9)
-3.0
-math.ceil(3.7)
-4
-math.floor(3.2)
-3
-math.sin(2 * math.pi / 7 + math.exp(0.23))
-0.8334902641414562
-```
-
-### 4. Функции из модуля cmath.
-
-```py
-cmath.sqrt(1.2-0.5j)
-(1.118033988749895-0.22360679774997896j)
-cmath.phase(1-0.5j)
--0.4636476090008061
-cmath.sqrt(-4)
-2j
-```
-
-### 5. Стандартный модуль random.
-
-```py
-import random
-dir(random)
-['BPF', 'LOG4', 'NV_MAGICCONST', 'RECIP_BPF', 'Random', 'SG_MAGICCONST', 'SystemRandom', 'TWOPI', '_ONE', '_Sequence', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_accumulate', '_acos', '_bisect', '_ceil', '_cos', '_e', '_exp', '_fabs', '_floor', '_index', '_inst', '_isfinite', '_lgamma', '_log', '_log2', '_os', '_parse_args', '_pi', '_random', '_repeat', '_sha512', '_sin', '_sqrt', '_test', '_test_generator', '_urandom', 'betavariate', 'binomialvariate', 'choice', 'choices', 'expovariate', 'gammavariate', 'gauss', 'getrandbits', 'getstate', 'lognormvariate', 'main', 'normalvariate', 'paretovariate', 'randbytes', 'randint', 'random', 'randrange', 'sample', 'seed', 'setstate', 'shuffle', 'triangular', 'uniform', 'vonmisesvariate', 'weibullvariate']
-help(random.seed)
-Help on method seed in module random:
-
-seed(a=None, version=2) method of random.Random instance
-    Initialize internal state from a seed.
-
-    The only supported seed types are None, int, float,
-    str, bytes, and bytearray.
-
-    None or no argument seeds from current time or from an operating
-    system specific randomness source if available.
-
-    If *a* is an int, all bits are used.
-
-    For version 2 (the default), all of the bits are used if *a* is a str,
-    bytes, or bytearray.  For version 1 (provided for reproducing random
-    sequences from older versions of Python), the algorithm for str and
-    bytes generates a narrower range of seeds.
-
-random.seed() #нет возвращаемых значений
-random.random()
-0.6159477691885248
-random.uniform(1, 10)
-7.581530495835095
-random.randint(1, 100)
-5
-random.gauss(0, 1)
--0.3506558234077829
-random.choice(numbers)
-1
-list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-random.shuffle(list1)
-list1
-[3, 5, 2, 4, 1]
-random.sample(numbers, 3)
-[3, 5, 2]
-random.betavariate(2, 5)
-0.1832859047033012
-random.gammavariate(2, 1)
-1.4911292379429324
-list2 = [
-    random.uniform(0, 1),           # Равномерное распределение
-    random.gauss(0, 1),             # Нормальное распределение  
-    random.betavariate(2, 5),       # Бета-распределение
-    random.gammavariate(2, 1)       # Гамма-распределение
-]
-list2
-[0.31800769775397375, -0.4796694435186039, 0.078752268353954, 2.8310089922616504]
-
-```
-
-### 6. Функции из модуля time.
-
-```py
-import time
-dir(time)
-['_STRUCT_TM_ITEMS', '__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'altzone', 'asctime', 'ctime', 'daylight', 'get_clock_info', 'gmtime', 'localtime', 'mktime', 'monotonic', 'monotonic_ns', 'perf_counter', 'perf_counter_ns', 'process_time', 'process_time_ns', 'sleep', 'strftime', 'strptime', 'struct_time', 'thread_time', 'thread_time_ns', 'time', 'time_ns', 'timezone', 'tzname']
-c1=time.time()
-c1
-1759322889.1532655
-c2=time.time()-c1
-c2
-17.157387256622314
-dat=time.gmtime()
-dat
-time.struct_time(tm_year=2025, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=12, tm_min=48, tm_sec=51, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=274, tm_isdst=0)
-dat.tm_mon
-10
-dat.tm_year
-2025
-time.localtime()
-time.struct_time(tm_year=2025, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=15, tm_min=52, tm_sec=4, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=274, tm_isdst=0)
-time.asctime(time.localtime())
-'Wed Oct  1 15:54:51 2025'
-time.ctime(c1)
-'Wed Oct  1 15:48:09 2025'
-time.sleep(2)
-time.mktime((2025, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
-1735678800.0
-time.localtime(c1)
-time.struct_time(tm_year=2025, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=15, tm_min=48, tm_sec=9, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=274, tm_isdst=0)
-```
-
-### 7. Графические функции.
-
-```py
-import pylab
-x = list(range(-3,55,4))
-t = list(range(15))
-pylab.plot(t,x)
-[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x0000020109A13890>]
-pylab.title('Первый график')
-Text(0.5, 1.0, 'Первый график')
-pylab.xlabel('время')
-Text(0.5, 0, 'время')
-pylab.ylabel('сигнал')
-Text(0, 0.5, 'сигнал')
-pylab.show()
-
-```
-![Graf1](Ris1.PNG)
-
-```py
-X1=[12,6,8,10,7]
-X2=[5,7,9,11,13]
-pylab.plot(X1)
-[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x000002010AED0550>]
-pylab.plot(X2)
-[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x000002010AED0690>]
-pylab.show()
-```
-![Graf2](Ris2.PNG)
-```py
-region=['Центр','Урал','Сибирь','Юг']
-naselen=[65,12,23,17]
-pylab.pie(naselen,labels=region)
-([<matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x0000020109A1A270>, <matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x000002010D44E210>, <matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x000002010D44E5D0>, <matplotlib.patches.Wedge object at 0x000002010D44E850>], [Text(-0.191013134139045, 1.0832885038559115, 'Центр'), Text(-0.861328292412156, -0.6841882582231001, 'Урал'), Text(0.04429273995539947, -1.0991078896938387, 'Сибирь'), Text(0.9873750693480946, -0.48486129194837324, 'Юг')])
-pylab.show()
-```
-![Graf3](Ris3.PNG)
-### 8. Cтатистический модуль statistics.
-
-```py
-import statistics
-statistics.mean(numbers)
-3
-statistics.median(numbers)
-3
-numbers
-[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-statistics.stdev(numbers)
-1.5811388300841898
-```
-
-### 9. Закончен сеанс работы с IDLE.